Fountain pen



Aug. 13, 1935. F. D. HARDESTY FOUNTAIN PEN Filed April 2l, 1953 6x INVENTOR. .fr anezs ardeff] ATTORNEY.

Patented Aug. 13, 1935` UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 18 Claims.

This invention relates to fountain pens of the so-called self-filling variety. Most such pens employ a soft rubber sack for the ink, opening into a channel communicating with the point and housed in a barrel which carries suitable mechanism for collapsing the sack at will to permit emptying and filling the pen in a familiar manner. Such rubber sacks have numerous serious shortcomings. Their life is relatively short, and after inevitably deteriorating and cracking they frequently leak ink in an annoying manner which often ruins clothing and destroys other property, in addition to rendering the pen itself inoperative. These defects of the rubber sack have long been known, and many attempts have in the past been made to find a satisfactory substitute. None of such attempts have met with commercial success or been found practicable, however, for the reason that the attempted alternative expedients have almost universally involved the provision of a reciprocable piston or its equivalent, usually arranged within the barrel and adapted to enable drawing ink into the reservoir by suction. Resultantly it has been neccessary, in all constructions not too complex to be practicable, to rely entirely upon the tightness of the piston to prevent leakage at some time during the use or filling of the pen; and of course the tightness of a piston cannot be permanently maintained. Such piston-suction pens have therefore also been found to develop leaks after a certain amount of service, and indeed keeping pens of that type tight at all has been found wellnigh impossible. An important object of this invention is the provision of a self-filling fountain pen subject to noneof the deciencies of either the rubber sack or piston-suction types, which is permanently leak-proof, and is so designed that unwanted escape of ink cannot occur during either use or filling of the pen,

A further object is to provide such a pen which may easily be cleaned, and is of simple and inexpensive construction.

Another object is the provision of a self-lling pen having much greater ink capacity than any previously known satisfactory type of which I am aware.

Another object is the provision of an improved pen incorporating filling means functioning after the fashion of a positive lift pump to force ink into a reservoir within the pen barrel in a manner enabling complete filling of the reservoir, together with means for tightly sealing the pen against all possibility of leakage. d

A still further object is the provision of a pen having a barrel adapted to be filled from the end opposite to that carrying the point, and the incorporation in such a pen of simple and novel means for preventing unwanted forcing of ink from the point during filling.

A further object is the provision of a self-filling fountain pen incorporating a pump and having a part adapted to engage the bottom of an inkwell or bottle during filling of the pen, and in which such engagement is utilized in valving ink handled by the pump.

Other objects and advantages will readily appear to those skilled in the art upon reference to the follow. ng description and the accompanying drawing in which Figure l is a longitudinal section, partly broken away, taken substantially centrally through a pen inco.- porating the principles oi my invention;

Figure 2 is a similar but fragmentary view of a pen incorporating the invention in a somewhat modified iorm, showing thc cap removed and the filling pump cylinder extended;

Figure 3 is a view of the same partly in side elevation and partly in section, showing the pump end of the pen barrel closed and sealed by means of the cap;

Figure 4 is a fragmentarily central longitudinal section showing the filling portion of a pen of another sornewhat modified construction, also fragmentarily showing an inkwell and indicating by the positioning of the pen relatively thereto the manner of operating the filling mechanism, and Figure 5 is a similar longitudinal section of another somewhat modified construction, with the filling mechanism closed and sealed by means of the cap.

Figure 6 is a partly sectional and partly elevational view of another modification; and

Figure 7 is a similar view of the cap end of another modied form.

Referring now to the drawing, and particularly to Figure l, reference character l0 designates a pen barrel, which may be formed of hard rubber, a synthetic resin, metal, or any suitable material, and which serves as an ink reservoir. If formed of a material permitting it, the barrel may be partly or entirely transparent, so that the ink supply may be observed by the user at will. The pen point Il is carried in a suitable nib holder I 2, which may be of the usual or any desired construction, and sealed in the lower end of the barrel as by being threaded thereinto as indicated at I3. At the inner end of the ink channel I4, which is shown extending centrally through the nib holder, is a seat l5 for a floating ball 55 valve I6, the. purpose of which will presently appear.

The upper end of the barrel is left open, being exteriorly threaded, as at I8, to receive a sealing cap 20, and interiorly threaded, as at 22, to receive a valve cage 24 which supports the filling mechanism. Within the valve cage is a valve 26. shown as of the ball type, held against its seat by a spring 28 and closing the passage through the valve cage, thereby sealing the therwise open upper end of the barrel. It will be seen that this valve may be opened by pressure from without.

Also carried by the upper end of the barrel, here shown clamped in place by the valve cage 24, is a pumping bellows 30 which is axially collapsible, although normally extended by its own resiliency, and open at its outer end, as at 32. Surrounding the opening 32 is a soft outwardly projecting sealing ring or teat 34. The pumping bellows may be of soft rubber, resilient metal, or any other suitable material permitting its accordion-like expansion and contraction. The tip 34 is preferably sufficiently soft to permit virtual sealing of the opening 32 by'pressing the teat against the bottom of an inkwell or bottle, even though the surface against which it is pressed is not perfectly smooth. The cap 20 preferably carries at its end an inwardlyprojecting plug 2| adapted to seal the opening 32 and partly compress the bellows when the cap is in place, as clearly shown in Figure 1.

In order to fill the pen it is merely necessary to remove the cap 20 and immerse the end of the pen carrying the pumping bellows in any suitable ink-containing receptacle such as an inkwell or bottle, press the teat 34 against the bottom, and move the barrel up and down to alternately compress and expand the bellows while keeping its end immersed. The first downward stroke collapses the bellows and expels the air therefrom. The succeeding up-stroke expands the bellows and forces the teat 34 from the bottom of the receptacle sufciently to allow lnk to be drawn into the bellows through the opening 32. Upon the next down-stroke of the barrel the teat 34 is rst sealed against the bottom of the inkwell to close the opening 32, after which continued downward movement collapses the bellows and forces the ink into the barrel through the valve cage, unseating the valve 26 by the pressure so created. This pumping operation is continued until the pen is filled; the number of reciprocations required being of course dependent upon the relative size of the bellows.

-The valve I6, during filling, oats on the rising ink, and when the pen is full is forced by the ink against the seat I5, thereby preventing undesired forcing of ink from the nib by continued pumping. The additional stiffness immediately imparted to the bellows 33 upon such seating of the valve I 6, due to the relative incompressibility of the ink, at once apprises the user that the pen is full, while of course if the barrel is transparent he can easily watch the filling of the pen. The valve I6 need not fit the seat I absolutely tightly, but may allow a small amount of leakage so that the valve cannot be held against its seat by pressure within the pen barrel, but is free to fioat clear of the seat as soon as the pen is inverted to the normal writing position in which the point is lowermost.

The valve 26, however, is arranged to tightly close the orificeY 21, and the spring 28 may be of considerable stiffness, since the full force exerted by the user during filling of the pen is available to collapse it.

After filling the pen the bellows is preferably drained of ink, and the orifice 32 may be large enough so that the ink is free to run out whlle the bellows is being lifted from the ink receptacle. When, further, the bellows is sealed in the manner shown by screwing the cap in place, the filling end of the pen will be seen to be hermetically closed against all possibility of leakage. It will also be apparent that water may easily be forced through the pen for cleaning the same by holding the opening 32 against a water faucet with the pen pointing downward. The valve I6, being buoyant, is not thereby forced against the seat I5, but permits the passage of water through the pen, which may thus be thoroughly flushed.

In Figures 2 and 3 is shown a somewhat modified construction requiring no deformation of resilient working parts. The valve 26 is supported upon the sleeve-like member 24 and held against the orifice 2l by a spring 28', shown acting against an abutment in the form of a pin 29 carried by a stem 25 attached to the valve and extending into the sleeve 24,'. The sleeve is tightly screwed into the end of the pen barrel I0', and as shown in Figure 2, it may also be provided with a flange 23 overhanging the end of the barrel.

Reciprocable in the sleeve 24 is a slidable pumping cylinder 30', which when released by removal of the cap isyieldably extended by a compression spring 3| housed within the interfltting seeves 24-3Il. Spring 3| acts at one end against the inner end of the member 24 and at the other against a suitable abutment such as the inwardly extending portion of the ange 33 carried by the outer end of the slidable pumping sleeve The fiange 33 may extend outward as well as inward and preferably carried over its outwardly extending part a soft rubber gasket 34', which as shown in Figure 2 extends beneath as well as over the flange. A lpin 36 carriedV by the fixed sleeve 24' and engaging a slot 38 in the sliding cylinder 30', limits the travel of the latter.

As shown in Figure 3, the cap is so proportioned that when tightly screwed upon the threaded end I8 of the pen barrel, the gasket 34' is compressed between the interior of the cap and the flange 23, thus sealing both the interior of the cylinder 30 and the space between it and the sleeve cage 24. This gasket also serves to seal the mouth of the pumping cylinder when pressed against the bottom of an inkwell.

The operation of this form of the invention will be seen to be similar to that of the form first described. When the gasket 34 is pressed against the bottom of an ink receptacle, and the barrel used as a handle to reciprocate the cylinder relatively thereto, air is expelled by the first compression stroke, ink is then drawn into the cylinder 30 as the latter moves out of the pen barrel while its end is submerged, and thereafter the ink is forced into the barrel during the succeeding downward movement, which traps the ink in the cylinder and forces it through the valve passage 2'I' in a manner analogous to the above described operation of the bellows of the first embodiment.

In Figure 4 is shown a somewhat modified construction in which provision is made for feeding ink into the slidable pumping cylinder 302 through its side rather than its end. Its general arrangement will be seen to be quite similar to the form shown in Figures 2 and 3, and equivalent parts have been designated in the drawing by like reference characters with the substitution of the exponentI 2. The slidable pump cylinder 302 is yieldably out-pressed by the spring 3|2 when released by removal of the cap (not shown) and entrance to the ink reservoir in the pen barrel |02 is yieldably closed by a ball valve 262 held against its seat 212 (carried by the tightly fitted cage 242) by a. spring 282. Ink inlet openings 322 are formed in the side of the cylinder 302, and as shown in Figure 4 are exposed only when the pumping cylinder is partly extended. The cage sleeve 242 is counterbored as at 35 to a depth suicient to establish communication between the inlet openings 322 and the open air when the cap is removed, thereby preventing the cylinder from being held within the barrel by atmospheric pressure after each downward stroke of the barrel.

During each downward stroke of the barrel in this form, the inlet openings 322 are closed by a slidable piston valve 39 arranged inside the cylinder 302 and actuated by a stem 40 secured to the valve and projecting through the end of the pumping cylinder. The end of the spring 3 |2acts against the piston barrel 39 rather than directly upon the pumping cylinder, thus tending to hold the valve 39 open, and the stem 40 is of such length that when the gasket 342 carried by the end of the pumping cylinder is pressed against the bottom of the ink receptacle 42 the valve is held closed.

It will be apparent that as a result of this arrangement, upward movement of the pen barrel results not only in extension of the cylinder 302 therefrom but in opening of the inlet apertures 322 by the downward movement of the valve 39 under the influence of spring 3|2. Ink is then free to flow into the cylinder 302, and upon subsequent downward movement of the pen barrel the ink inlets are first closed, after which continued downward movement of the barrel forces the trapped ink up through the Valve 262 into the barrel in a similar fashion.

When the invention is employed in a form incorporating a sliding pumping cylinder, the length of the sleeve forming the pumping cylinder is entirely optional. It may be kept fairly small in order that its extension into the barrel may not unduly limit the ink capacity of the pen, although if a longer pumping sleeve or cylinder is desired, in order that the pumping operation may be performed without dipping the pen barrel into the ink, or in fewer strokes, some such modication as is shown in Figure 5 may be employed, and the sliding cylinder extended to any desired length, even to the full length of the barrel. It has been found, however, that dipping the pen barrel into the ink is unobjectionable, since all self-filling pens, in order to be properly filled, must be immersed in the ink to a depth making it necessary to wipe them off after filling.

In the form shown in Figure 5, the slidable pumping cylinder 302 is arranged immediately inside and slidably fitted into the pump barrel |02, and outside the valve-supporting tube 243 which forms a continuation of the interior of the pen barrel. The tube 243 is tightly sealed in the barrel at its inner end, as at 223, and carries the valve 263 at its outer end, which projects slightly from the end of the barrel |03. The valve orice 213 is thus arranged at an exposed point at the end of the barrel, and is sealed by the plug 2|:i carried by the cap 203 when the latter is screwed into place upon the end of the barrel. The central valve-supporting sleeve 243 may be enough longer than the pen barrel to accommodate the gasketed end 342 of the pumping cylinder outside the inner sleeve, the arrangement preferably being such that when the cap is in place virtually no space is left therewithin. It will also be seen that in this form the only possible access to the ink reservoir, that is, `the orifice 213, is tightly sealed by the cap itself when the pen is closed. The extending spring 3|3 for the pumping sleeve'303 may be trapped behind the latter as shown in the drawing.

In carrying out the invention, as shown in Figure 6, the pump need not be attached to the end of the barrel which is dipped in the ink, nor need a. lift pump be used. In the construction shown in that view a suction pump is incorporated in the cap of the pen, while the ink inlet is formed in the rear end of the barrel. A check valve 264 yieldably closes the ink inlet 214, which is positively sealed by the cap 204 when the latter is in place. The cap 50 which may be similar in shape and general construct on to the caps commonly used to cover the writing points of pocket fountain pens may be elongated to provide room therein for a reciprocable piston 5|. A stem 53 connected to the piston is attached at its other end to a small end cap 54 which serves as a handle by means of which the piston may be reciprocated. The handle cap 54 may form a closure for the end of the larger cap 50, to which it may be screwed as at 55. When the cap 54 is released by being unscrewed from the larger cap 50, the piston 5| is forced outward toward the end of the barrel by a compression spring 51 arranged behind the piston, thus also urging the small handle cap away from the end. The piston may then be reciprocated by successively pushing upon the cap 54 against the resistance of the spring i 51 and releasing it. When the cap 50 is installed upon the pen in the manner shown, it is rmly attached to the barrel by the threads 58, and its interior forms a pump chamber which encloses the nib of the pen and is sealed by engagement of the abutment 50 with the end of the barrel |04, as will be readily apparent. The nib is of course connected to the interior of the barrel |04 constituting the ink reservoir by a channel (not shown) extending through the nib. A resilient flap'valve 52 carried by the piston may serve to close ports 56 in the piston during up-strokes of the piston in the familiar manner, while permitting air to pass on the down stroke. Thus each spring-induced out-stroke of the piston reduces the pressure in the pumping chamber within the cap 50, and continued pumping, by tending to evacuate the barrel, serves to draw ink therento under atmospheric pressure when the filling opening 214 is immersed in an ink supply. The resistance of the spring 284 which maintains valve 264 seated is of course suitable and permits unseating of the valve under the pressure made available by the vacuum created by the piston.

In Figure 7 is shown another modification the operation of which is similar to that of the construction of Figure 6, a sleeve 5|5 being substituted for the piston, however, in such manner that the pumping means consumes virtually no space wLthin the cap. Other analogous parts will be seen to have been given like reference characters to those used in connection with Figure 6 with the substitution of the exponent 5". The sleeve 5|5 slidably fits in the cap 505 and is attached to a small handle cap 545 within which the vacuum valve 525 is housed, here sho`wn as a small spring-pressed ball, altho its form is unimportant. When released by unscrewing the small handle cap from the larger cap 505, the sleeve is urged outward by the coil spring 515. The air vents 60 may open into the threaded portion 55 of the smaller cap so as to be ex.-v posed only when the latter is unscrewed from the larger cap. It will be seen that .by pumping the sleeve SI5 and cap 545 against the resistance of spring 515, air will be exhausted from the barrel to enable lllng the latter by suction thru an inlet at the other end such as is shown in Fig. 6.

In both of the two forms last described a floating valve as |64 (Fig. 6) analogous to the ball valve I 5 disclosed in connection with the first described embodiment may be employed to prevent drawing ink into the cap.

Despite their many advantages, the disclosed constructions will be seen to be of extremely simple construction, while even if a bellows o f rubber is used, as in the embodiment first shown, de-

terioration of the bellows cannot cause the pen to leak. The bellows is, moreover, easily replaceable by the user of the pen,and in an emergency or until another bellows can be secured, the pen may be filled by means of an eye dropper or the like, 'from either the nib end or by unseating the ball with the dropper, and is thus rendered neither useless nor dangerous upon deterioration of the bellows.

While it will be apparent that the illustrated embodiment of my invention her-ein disclosed is well calculated to adequately fulfill the objects and advantages primarily stated, it is to be understood that the invention is susceptible to variation, modication and change within the spirit and scope of the subjoined claims.

What I claim is:

1. In a self-filling founi ain pen, a barrel portion having an inlet aperture therein adapted t0 be inserted in an ink receptacle during filling, and pumping mechanism including an expansible and contractible portion movable relatively to the barrel and having an inlet in its end engageable with the receptacle to enable obturating the inlet by such engagement at will, and a valve controlling communication between the barrel and said movable portion and operable by pressure differences created by such relative movement of said portion to enable pumping ink into the barrel.

2. In a self-filling fountain pen, a barrel having an ink-reservoir therein and an orice opening into the reservoir, a valve controlling the oriflee, pumping means including a movable displacement portion partially defining a pressure chamber and communicating with said valved orifice, said pressure chamber portion also having an inlet aperture in its end adapt-ed to be closed by engagement with the bottom of an ink receptacle, whereby upon immersion of said inlet portion in ink in an ink receptacle and pumping movement of said displacement portion, results in concurrent alternate closing of the inlet aperture by forcing it against a part of the receptacle and the trapping of ink in said pressure chamber and subsequent forcing thereof into the reservoir.

3. In a self-filling fountain pen, a barrel having an ink-reservoir therein and an inlet communicating with the reservoir, a valve controlling the inlet, pumping means including an expansible and contractible portion carried by the barrel and having a pressure chamber therein communicating with said valved reservoir inlet, and means yieldably urging said expansible and contractible portion toward expanded position, whereby it may be operated by restraining said portion against an abutment and moving the barrel relatively thereto.

4. In a self-filling fountain pen, a barrel having a writing nib portion at one end and an opening through which fluid may ow at the other, a check valve yieldably closing said opening, and pumping means outside but attached to the barrelA and in potential conmiunication with the interlor thereof for causing ink to flow into the barrel, including an extensible and retractible pumping sleeve having an opening in its .end adapted to be closed by engagement with the bot-- tom of an ink receptacle.

5. In a self-filling fountain pen, a barrel having a writing tip at one end and an inlet opening at the other, a check valve yieldably closing said inlet opening against external pressure, and pumping means including a hollow deformable pumping member outside lbut connected to the barrel and having a chamber therein expansible and contractible at will and communicating with said inlet opening, said pumping member also having an ink inlet spaced from the barrel.

6. In a self-filling fountain pen, a barrel hav-A ing a writing point at one end and an opening at the other through which uid may pass, a check valve yieldably closing said opening against external pressure, and pumping means including a part outside but connected to the barrel, having an ink inlet therein and also having a chamber therein expansible and contractible longitudinally of the pen, and means for sealing said inlet upon engagement of said part with the bottom of an ink receptacle.

7. A self-filling fountain pen having an extensible and retractible portion adapted to be inserted in an ink receptacle and having an ink inlet in its end closable by engagement of a portion appurtenant said inlet with the bottom of the receptacle. r

8. A self-filling fountain pen having a barrel, an ink reservoir therein, a deformable ller portion communicating with the reservoir and projecting from one end of the barrel and insertable in an ink receptacle, said ller portion having an ink inlet in its end adapted to be closed by engagement with the bottom of the receptacle.

9. A self -fllling fountain pen having an extensible and retractible portion insertable in an ink receptacle and having an ink inlet therein, a pump portion carried by the pen including an inlet adapted to be opened and closed by movement of the pen relatively to the receptacle to and from a position in which the latter mentioned inlet is blocked by the receptacle.

10. In a self-lling fountain pen, a barrel having an ink reservoir therein and having an opening therein communicating with said reservoir, a valve yieldably closing said opening, pump supporting means carried by the barrel outside the reservoir, a pump attachable to .said supporting means, means for operating said pump including a portion movable relatively to the barrel to force iiuid into the reservoir, said pump also having an inlet, and a sealing cap portion adapted to be carried by said pump-supporting portion of the barrel for sealing the pump inlet and positioning the movable portion of the pump.

11. A fountain pen comprising a barrel having an ink chamber and a piston chamber separated by an apertured partition; a piston slidably mounted within said piston chamber and provided with a stem, said piston and stern being centrally bored and .said stem extending exteriorly of said barrel, whereby said piston may be operated to pump ink through said bored piston and through the bored partition and into the ink chamber of said barrel; and means for preventing a return passage of ink through said piston and bored partition.

12. A fountain pen comprising a barrel having an ink chamber and a piston chamber separated by an apertured partition; a piston slidably mounted Within said piston chamber and provided with a stem, said piston and stem being centrally bored and said stem extending exteriorly of said barrel, whereby said piston may be operated to pump ink through said bored piston and through the bored partition and into the ink chamber of said barrel; means for preventing a return passage of ink through said piston and bored partition; and moans for sealing said bored piston and stem to prevent an undue flow of ink through the fountain pen.

13. A fountain pen comprising a barrel having an ink chamber and a piston chamber; a piston slidably mounted within the piston chamber and provided with a stem extending exteriorly of said barrel, said piston and stem being bored to permit the passage of ink into said piston chamber; and means for permitting the passage of ink from said piston chamber into said ink chamber and for preventing a return passage of said ink.

14. A fountain pen comprising a barrel having an ink chamber and a piston chamber; a piston slidably mounted within the piston chamber and provided with a stem extending exteriorly of said barrel, said piston and stem being bored to permit the passage of ink into said piston chamber; means for permitting passage of ink from said piston chamber into said ink chamber and for preventing a return passage of said ink; and means for normally extending said piston stem exteriorly of said barrel whereby said piston may be reciprocated to pump ink from an ink container into said pen by placing the end of said stem against an internal wall of said container and reciprocating said barrel.

15. A fountain pen comprising a barrel having an ink chamber and a piston chamber; a piston slidably mounted within the piston chamber and provided with a stem extending exteriofy of said barrel, said piston and stem being bored to permit the passage of ink into said piston chamber;

means for permitting passage of ink from said piston chamber into said ink chamber and for preventing a return passage of said ink; means for normally extending said piston stem exterior- 1y of said barrel whereby said piston may be reciprocated to pump ink from an ink container into said pen by placing the end of said stem against an internal wall of said container and reciprocating said barrel; and means for sealing the bore through the piston and stem thereof.

16. A fountain pen comprising a barrel having ink and piston chambers separated by an apertured partition; means for permittingl the passage of ink through said aperture in o'n'e' direction only from the piston chamber to the ink chamber; a piston slidably mounted within said piston chamber and having a stem extending exteriorly of said barrel, said piston and stem being bored to permit the passage of ink through said stern and piston and into said piston chamber beyond said piston; means mounted Within the bore of the piston and stem to prevent a return passage of ink therethrough: and a vcap detachably engageable with the end of the barrel adjacent the stem, said cap, when attached to said barrel, engaging said stem and sealing the same to prevent the passage oi ink therethrough.

17. A fountain pen comprising a barrel having ink and piston chambers separated by an apertured partition; means for permitting the passage of ink through said aperture in one direction only from the piston chamber to the ink chamber; a piston slidably mounted within said piston chamber and having a stem extending exteriorly of said barrel, said piston and stem being bored to permit the passage of ink through said stem and piston and into said piston chamber beyond said piston; means mounted within the bore of the piston and stem to prevent a return passage of ink therethrough; a cap detachably engageable with the end of the barrel adjacent the stem, said cap, when attached to said barrel, engaging said stern and sealing the same to prevent the passage of ink therethrough; and means for normally moving the piston to project the stem thereof exteriorly of said barrel when the cap is removed whereby said piston may be reciprocated within the piston chamber to pump ink thereinto by placing the exterior end of said stem against an internal surface of an ink container and reciprocating said barrel, said means also operating to normally hold the end of said stem against said cap to seal the bore of said stem.

18. A fountain pen comprising a barrel having ink and piston chambers separated by an apertured partition; means for permitting the passage of ink through said aperture in one direction only from the piston chamber to the ink chamber; a piston slidably mounted within said piston chamber and having a stem extending exterorly of said barrel, said piston and stem being bored to permit the passage of ink through said stem and piston and into said piston chamber beyond said piston; means mounted within the bore of the piston and stem to prevent a return passage of ink therethrough; a cap detachably engageable with the end of the barrel adjacent the stem, said cap, when attached to said barrel, engaging said stem and sealing the same to prevent the passage of ink therethrough, said cap being provided with an internal, inwardiy projecting conical member arranged to seat within the bore of said stem and thereby seal the same to prevent passage of ink through said bore.

FRANCIS D. HARDESTY. 

